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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Intermolecular Forces

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

Water dynamics at neutral and ionic interfaces.

Emily E Fenn¹, Daryl B Wong, M D Fayer

¹Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|August 27, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Water molecules at interfaces slow down significantly. Neutral and ionic surfactant interfaces affect water

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Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

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Published on: September 9, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Interface Science
Spectroscopy

Background:

Water's hydrogen bond dynamics are crucial in many chemical and biological processes.
Surfactant reverse micelles create confined aqueous environments, mimicking cellular interfaces.
Understanding interfacial water behavior is key to fields like drug delivery and materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the orientational dynamics of water at a neutral surfactant interface.
To compare water's behavior at neutral (Igepal CO-520) versus ionic (Aerosol-OT) interfaces.
To determine the influence of interface type on hydrogen bond dynamics.

Main Methods:

Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy targeting the hydroxyl stretch vibration.
Analysis of orientational relaxation times for water molecules.
Comparative study using Igepal CO-520 and Aerosol-OT reverse micelles.

Main Results:

Water orientational relaxation times at both neutral and ionic interfaces are significantly slower (13-18 ps) than in bulk water (2.6 ps).
Similar relaxation times were observed for water at neutral and ionic interfaces, suggesting a dominant role of the interface itself.
The chemical nature of the surfactant (neutral vs. ionic) plays a secondary role in water's hydrogen bond dynamics.

Conclusions:

The presence of an interface, rather than its chemical composition, primarily dictates water's hydrogen bond dynamics.
Interfacial water exhibits significantly slower orientational relaxation compared to bulk water.
These findings offer insights into molecular interactions at confined aqueous-surfactant interfaces.