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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Extrasensory Perception01:23

Extrasensory Perception

Extrasensory perception, or ESP, suggests the ability to perceive events beyond the conventional senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Parapsychologists, who research ESP and related psychic phenomena, categorize ESP into three main types: precognition, telepathy, and clairvoyance.
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Kendall's Tau Test

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online
09:44

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Published on: February 19, 2015

A rapid online telepathy test.

Rupert Sheldrake1, Ashwin Beharee

  • 1Perrott-Warrick Project, London, UK. rsheldrake@clara.co.uk

Psychological Reports
|August 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This telepathy test found participants guessed messages above chance levels. Results suggest a potential for extrasensory perception (ESP) in controlled online experiments.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Parapsychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Investigating the potential for extrasensory perception (ESP) in controlled environments.
  • Exploring the efficacy of automated online testing for telepathy research.
  • Examining sender type (actual vs. virtual) and its influence on telepathic accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if participants could identify the sender of a message above chance levels in an automated online telepathy test.
  • To compare the accuracy rates between actual and computer-generated virtual senders.
  • To assess the reliability of telepathic scoring over repeated trials.

Main Methods:

  • An automated online telepathy test was conducted with participants.
  • Each trial involved a sender (two actual, two virtual) randomly selected by a computer to send a 30-second message.

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  • Participants guessed the sender after receiving the message, with 6,000 total trials recorded.
  • Main Results:

    • A total of 1,559 hits (26.7%) were recorded, significantly exceeding the 25% chance expectation.
    • Filmed tests yielded similar hit rates.
    • Actual senders resulted in higher hit rates, though a bias towards guessing actual senders was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides evidence for performance above chance in an automated online telepathy test.
    • Findings suggest potential for further research into ESP using digital platforms.
    • Further investigation is needed to understand the observed guessing bias and the decline in hit rates upon retesting.