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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Chromosome Duplication02:05

Chromosome Duplication

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization
08:48

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Published on: June 28, 2012

Progress and prospects: human artificial chromosomes.

S Macnab1, A Whitehouse

  • 1Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Gene Therapy
|August 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial chromosomes (ACs) offer a promising gene therapy vector solution, enabling stable expression of large genes without host genome integration. This review highlights recent advances in AC construction, purification, and delivery for novel molecular therapies.

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Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping
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Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

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Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus
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Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization
08:48

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Published on: June 28, 2012

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping
10:42

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Published on: September 4, 2009

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus
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Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Published on: November 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Artificial chromosomes (ACs) are advanced vectors for gene therapy.
  • ACs can express large transgenes without integrating into the host genome.
  • Current challenges include AC complexity, construction, and delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current progress in artificial chromosome (AC) technology.
  • To discuss recent advances in AC purification, construction, and delivery.
  • To explore potential new molecular therapies utilizing ACs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of artificial chromosome research.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in AC purification techniques.
  • Evaluation of novel AC construction and delivery methodologies.

Main Results:

  • ACs demonstrate potential for stable, non-integrating transgene expression.
  • Significant progress has been made in overcoming technical challenges of AC development.
  • New therapeutic strategies leveraging ACs are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial chromosomes represent a powerful tool for gene therapy.
  • Continued research in ACs promises to enhance their therapeutic applicability.
  • Advances in ACs pave the way for innovative molecular treatments.