Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

Behavior Therapy

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
Exposure therapy is a cornerstone of behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. It involves systematic exposure to feared stimuli, either in real...

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert Ellis's...

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...

Drug Therapy

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Role of Hope in Recovery During Transdiagnostic Exposure-Based Therapy for Anxiety-, Obsessive-Compulsive and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.

Behavior therapy·2026

Same author

Integrating physical activity promotion into psychological practice: Clinical and ethical considerations.

Psychology of sport and exercise·2026

Same author

Cost-effectiveness of automated digital CBT (Daylight) for generalized anxiety disorder: A Markov simulation model in the United States.

PLOS mental health·2026

Same author

The longitudinal relations between physical activity, inflammation, and depression in the Health and Retirement Study.

PLOS mental health·2026

Same author

CO<sub>2</sub> Reactivity but Not CO<sub>2</sub>-Induced Orexin/c-Fos Colocalization Differentially Predicts Alcohol-Seeking Behaviour After Extinction and Retrieval-Extinction in Rats.

Addiction biology·2026

Same author

Isradipine enhancement of virtual reality cue exposure therapy is effective for individuals with higher baseline cue-induced craving.

Drug and alcohol dependence reports·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Published on: January 18, 2021

Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder.

R Kathryn McHugh¹, Jasper A J Smits, Michael W Otto

¹Department of Psychology, 648 Beacon Street, 6th Floor, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. rkmchugh@bu.edu

The Psychiatric Clinics of North America

|September 1, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy are effective panic disorder treatments. CBT demonstrates superior cost-effectiveness compared to medication alone or combined approaches for managing panic disorder.

More Related Videos

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Published on: January 18, 2021

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Clinical Psychology
Pharmacology

Background:

Panic disorder is a debilitating condition requiring effective treatment strategies.
Current treatment paradigms include pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions.
Evaluating the comparative efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these treatments is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To empirically review the elements and efficacy of pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments for panic disorder.
To assess both monotherapies and combination treatment strategies.
To consider novel treatment approaches and predictors of treatment response.

Main Methods:

Empirical review of existing literature on panic disorder treatments.
Analysis of evidence for pharmacologic agents (SSRIs, SNRIs) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
Consideration of combination treatment strategies and novel interventions.

Main Results:

Both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy (SSRIs, SNRIs) are effective first-line treatments for panic disorder.
CBT shows significant cost-efficacy advantages over pharmacotherapy alone and combined treatments.
Predictors of non-response and mechanisms of action are discussed.

Conclusions:

CBT and pharmacotherapy represent effective first-line options for panic disorder.
CBT offers a more cost-effective treatment approach.
Future research may explore novel strategies like memory enhancers to augment CBT outcomes.