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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Transverse atomic motion in transient polarization phenomena.

J E Thomas, R A Forber

    Optics Letters
    |September 1, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Atoms exiting the laser beam cause nonexponential decay in photon-echo amplitude. This study explains this time-dependent phenomenon observed in atomic systems.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Photon-echo decay is typically exponential.
    • Understanding decay mechanisms is crucial for spectroscopic analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To observe and explain a time-dependent, nonexponential photon-echo amplitude decay.
    • To identify the cause of this decay as atomic transit from the excitation beam.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental observation of photon-echo amplitude decay.
    • Theoretical modeling of atomic transit effects on echo decay.

    Main Results:

    • Observed a time-dependent, nonexponential decay in photon-echo amplitude.
    • Attributed the decay to atoms moving out of the excitation laser beam.

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    Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity
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    Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

    Published on: March 6, 2017

    Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules
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    Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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    Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

    Published on: February 4, 2017

    Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity
    11:30

    Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

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    Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules
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    Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

    Published on: April 25, 2025

    Conclusions:

    • Atomic transit is a significant factor influencing photon-echo decay dynamics.
    • This finding provides a more complete understanding of spectroscopic signal decay.