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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function01:22

Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function

Cholinesterases are a group of serine hydrolase enzymes that play a crucial role in the breakdown of choline esters. The two primary types of cholinesterases are acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChEs), which differ in their distribution, function, and substrate specificity. AChEs, also known as true cholinesterases, specifically hydrolyze acetylcholine, while BuChEs, often referred to as pseudocholinesterases, can hydrolyze various choline esters, including...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity
09:59

Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity

Published on: March 31, 2023

Corneal aldehyde dehydrogenases: multiple functions and novel nuclear localization.

Dimitrios Stagos1, Ying Chen, Miriam Cantore

  • 1Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.

Brain Research Bulletin
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) protect ocular tissues from UV damage. This study reveals ALDH3A1

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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

Published on: March 11, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity
09:59

Application of AlDeSense to Stratify Ovarian Cancer Cells Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Activity

Published on: March 31, 2023

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
09:31

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

Published on: March 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Ophthalmology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are crucial enzymes involved in detoxification and cellular protection.
  • Certain ALDHs function as corneal crystallins, contributing to the cornea's optical properties.
  • ALDH3A1 is prevalent in mammalian corneas, while rabbits express ALDH1A1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression of various ALDHs in ocular tissues.
  • To explore the protective mechanisms of ALDHs against UV-induced damage.
  • To determine the subcellular localization of ALDH3A1 in corneal cells.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression analysis (messenger levels) in mouse cornea and lens.
  • Subcellular localization studies of ALDH3A1 in corneal epithelium and rabbit keratocytes.

Main Results:

  • High messenger levels of ALDH1B1, ALDH2, and ALDH7A1 were detected in mouse cornea and lens.
  • ALDH3A1 was identified as a nuclear protein in both corneal epithelium and rabbit keratocytes.
  • Evidence supports ALDH3A1 and ALDH1A1's roles in UV protection via filtering, detoxification, and antioxidant activity.

Conclusions:

  • ALDHs play significant roles in ocular tissue protection against UV radiation and oxidative stress.
  • The nuclear localization of ALDH3A1 suggests potential involvement in cell cycle regulation within corneal cells.
  • Differential expression of ALDHs (e.g., ALDH3A1 vs. ALDH1A1) in different species highlights unique ocular adaptations.