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Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

Modern Molecular Taxonomy

Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...

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Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
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Published on: November 12, 2012

Gene clusters, molecular evolution and disease: a speculation.

Leah I Elizondo1, Paymaan Jafar-Nejad, J Marietta Clewing

  • 1Interdepartmental Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology.

Current Genomics
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genes in the same "genomic neighborhood" are often co-expressed, suggesting coordinated regulation beyond individual promoters. Dysregulation of these transcriptional neighborhoods may underlie complex human diseases.

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Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
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Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
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Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation

Published on: January 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic gene expression traditionally viewed as independent.
  • Recent evidence shows co-expression of genes within shared chromatin domains (genomic neighborhoods).
  • Co-expressed genes in these neighborhoods often lack operon structure or shared pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate mechanisms of genome partitioning into transcriptional neighborhoods.
  • Explore the conservation and co-evolution of gene clusters and their expression patterns.
  • Propose genomic neighborhoods as a model for understanding complex human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-species comparative analyses of gene linkage and expression patterns.
  • Hypothesize roles of chromatin interactions with the nuclear matrix.
  • Consider long-range chromatin structure remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Significant conservation of linkage among co-expressed genes in clusters across species.
  • Evidence of co-evolution between gene cluster structure and expression patterns.
  • Identification of potential regulatory mechanisms involving chromatin interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Dysregulation of transcriptional genomic neighborhoods can lead to highly pleiotropic diseases.
  • Candidate diseases include laminopathies, chromosomal instability syndromes, and imprinting disorders.
  • Altered genomic neighborhoods offer a novel framework for studying epigenetic alterations in complex diseases.