Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Antibiotics in Tactical Combat Casualty Care 2025: TCCC Change 25-1.

Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals·2025
Same author

Detecting, mapping, and suppressing the spread of a decade-long <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> nosocomial outbreak with genomics.

eLife·2025
Same author

Hypothermia: Pathophysiology and the propensity for infection.

The American journal of emergency medicine·2024
Same author

Evaluation of a two step testing algorithm to improve diagnostic accuracy and stewardship of Clostridioides difficile infections.

BMC research notes·2023
Same author

Corrigendum: The Vacc-SeqQC project: Benchmarking RNA-Seq for clinical vaccine studies.

Frontiers in immunology·2023
Same author

The Vacc-SeqQC project: Benchmarking RNA-Seq for clinical vaccine studies.

Frontiers in immunology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Anthrax vaccination strategies.

Robert J Cybulski1, Patrick Sanz, Alison D O'Brien

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, United States.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine
|September 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anthrax vaccines are being re-examined due to societal threats. Current vaccines have limitations, and new strategies targeting Bacillus anthracis are under investigation for improved prophylaxis.

More Related Videos

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
06:38

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Published on: December 8, 2023

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
06:38

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Published on: December 8, 2023

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The 2001 anthrax attacks expanded the perceived threat of Bacillus anthracis beyond military personnel to the general population.
  • Existing anthrax vaccines, Anthrax Vaccine, Adsorbed (AVA) and Anthrax Vaccine, Precipitated (AVP), have limitations hindering widespread use.
  • The development of a second-generation recombinant protective antigen (rPA)-based vaccine is underway but may not be a complete solution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in anthrax vaccine development building upon current protective antigen (PA)-based methods.
  • To evaluate emerging strategies for future anthrax prophylaxis.
  • To address the need for improved vaccination against Bacillus anthracis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and emerging anthrax vaccine research.
  • Analysis of the limitations of existing and second-generation anthrax vaccines.
  • Evaluation of novel approaches targeting multiple components of Bacillus anthracis.

Main Results:

  • Current anthrax vaccines (AVA, AVP) induce protective immunity but have significant drawbacks.
  • The rPA-based vaccine shows promise but relies on a single virulence factor, potentially limiting its effectiveness.
  • Multiple vaccine strategies are being actively investigated to elicit a more comprehensive immune response.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to re-evaluate anthrax vaccination strategies in light of broader societal risks.
  • Limitations of current and developing anthrax vaccines necessitate exploration of alternative approaches.
  • Future anthrax prophylaxis may involve multi-component vaccines targeting various aspects of Bacillus anthracis.