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Related Concept Videos

RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor01:27

RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor

One of the applications of an RC circuit is the relaxation oscillator. The relaxation oscillator comprises a voltage source, a capacitor, a resistor, and a neon lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit (infinite resistance) until the potential difference across the neon lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit (zero resistance), and the capacitor discharges through the neon lamp and produces light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
Capacitor With A Dielectric01:18

Capacitor With A Dielectric

Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
Dielectrics are non-conducting materials with no free or loosely bound electrons. When a dielectric is...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
Capacitors01:15

Capacitors

Capacitors play a crucial role in car radios, where they filter and store frequencies to ensure clear signal reception. Essentially serving as energy storage devices, capacitors store energy within their electric field and are composed of two parallel conducting plates separated by a dielectric.
When a voltage source is connected to a capacitor, positive and negative charges accumulate on the opposite plates. This accumulation generates a potential difference that equals the product of the...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection
08:55

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

Published on: March 26, 2012

Re-capping the message.

Daniel R Schoenberg1, Lynne E Maquat

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. schoenberg.3@osu.edu

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|September 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 5'-cap structure on RNA is crucial for its function and decay. New evidence suggests RNA molecules can be re-capped even after losing their original cap, challenging established mRNA decay pathways.

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Transcription Start Site Mapping Using Super-low Input Carrier-CAGE
06:59

Transcription Start Site Mapping Using Super-low Input Carrier-CAGE

Published on: June 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection
08:55

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

Published on: March 26, 2012

Transcription Start Site Mapping Using Super-low Input Carrier-CAGE
06:59

Transcription Start Site Mapping Using Super-low Input Carrier-CAGE

Published on: June 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The 5'-cap structure is essential for RNA processing, export, translation, and quality control.
  • Cap removal is traditionally viewed as the initial, irreversible step in messenger RNA (mRNA) decay.
  • Recent findings indicate the existence of capped or cap-like structures on mRNAs lacking 5' sequences in mammalian cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emerging evidence for RNA re-capping.
  • To explore the potential functions of re-capping in cellular processes.
  • To challenge the established model of mRNA decay initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mRNA structures in mammalian cells.
  • Identification and characterization of cytoplasmic capping enzymes and associated kinases.
  • Biochemical assays to study RNA capping and decapping processes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of mRNAs with 5' sequence deficiencies but possessing cap or cap-like structures.
  • Discovery of a cytoplasmic capping enzyme and a novel kinase involved in generating capped ends from cleaved RNAs.
  • Evidence supporting the occurrence of RNA re-capping in cellular environments.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional view of irreversible cap removal initiating mRNA decay is being challenged.
  • RNA re-capping is a plausible biological process with potential regulatory roles.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functions and mechanisms of RNA re-capping.