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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
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Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells
12:16

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Published on: December 17, 2015

Variable cell responses to P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide.

L Kocgozlu1, R Elkaim, H Tenenbaum

  • 1ERT-1061 internal to unit INSERM UMR-977, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.

Journal of Dental Research
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates different Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in oral epithelial and endothelial cells, leading to distinct inflammatory responses and cytokine production, crucial for understanding periodontal disease pathogenesis.

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Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network
05:07

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Published on: February 16, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells
12:16

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Published on: December 17, 2015

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network
05:07

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Published on: February 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key cause of chronic periodontal disease.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. gingivalis is a major virulence factor.
  • Host cell responses to P. gingivalis LPS vary, impacting disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential activation of human oral epithelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells by P. gingivalis LPS.
  • To identify the specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in these differential responses.
  • To characterize the distinct pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles produced by each cell type.

Main Methods:

  • Stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human oral epithelial cells with P. gingivalis LPS.
  • Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze TLR gene expression and activation.
  • Cytokine Array assay to profile the secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Main Results:

  • P. gingivalis LPS activated epithelial cells via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and endothelial cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
  • Both cell types produced pro-inflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulation.
  • Distinct patterns of cytokine secretion were observed between epithelial and endothelial cells.

Conclusions:

  • The same P. gingivalis LPS preparation can act as a TLR2 or TLR4 agonist depending on the host cell's TLR expression.
  • Cell-type-specific TLR activation by P. gingivalis LPS leads to differential cytokine profiles.
  • These findings provide insights into the complex host-pathogen interactions in periodontal disease.