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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Roller Microneedle Combined with Tranexamic Acid Solution in Treating Melasma
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Published on: January 19, 2024

Hyperpigmentation: old problem, new therapies.

Syril Keena Que1, Kendra Gail Bergstrom

  • 1New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA.

Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD
|September 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

New treatments and safety data for hyperpigmentation offer dermatologists more confidence in managing dark marks on skin. This review covers fractional thermolysis, Tri-Luma, azelaic acid, and chemical peels.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Hyperpigmentation is a common cosmetic concern and can be a sign of previous skin injury.
  • While sun protection is crucial, effective treatments are also vital for managing dark marks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review updated treatment data for various hyperpigmentation therapies.
  • To provide dermatologists with current evidence for patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of new treatment data for fractional thermolysis.
  • Analysis of Tri-Luma, azelaic acid, and chemical peel efficacy and safety.
  • Assessment of emerging therapeutic options and long-term safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for many established therapies is not always extensive.

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Roller Microneedle Combined with Tranexamic Acid Solution in Treating Melasma
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Using a 1064-nm Picosecond Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Periorbital Hyperpigmentation
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Using a 1064-nm Picosecond Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Periorbital Hyperpigmentation

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  • Newer treatments and long-term safety data are emerging.
  • Dermatologists are gaining confidence in treatment approaches.

    • Conclusions:

    • Fractional thermolysis, Tri-Luma, azelaic acid, and chemical peels are key treatments for hyperpigmentation.
    • Emerging data supports increased confidence in managing skin hyperpigmentation.
    • Photoprotection remains essential alongside therapeutic interventions.