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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
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Challenging the brain: Exploring the link between effort and cortical activation.

G Mochizuki1, T Hoque, R Mraz

  • 1Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, University of Toronto, Canada. mochizuki.george@torontorehab.on.ca

Brain Research
|September 15, 2009
PubMed
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Effort significantly impacts brain activity during motor tasks, influencing sensorimotor network activation. Understanding this relationship is crucial for interpreting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and advancing motor control research.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Effort is a critical factor in motor task performance.
  • Understanding how effort modulates brain activity is essential for accurate interpretation of neuroimaging data.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the relationship between effort and cortical activation during motor tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of varying levels of effort on cortical activation during motor tasks.
  • To examine the physiological and subjective measures of effort and their correlation with brain activity.
  • To establish a methodological framework for future studies on effort and motor control.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy participants performed two motor tasks: an easy (single digit abduction) and a hard (paired digit abduction) task.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes
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Published on: October 2, 2014

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Published on: October 24, 2012

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Electrodermal responses (EDR) and Borg scale ratings were used to quantify effort.

    • Main Results:

    • The hard task elicited significantly higher subjective (Borg scale) and physiological (EDR) effort measures compared to the easy task.
    • The hard task led to increased activation in the sensorimotor network, including supplementary motor area, premotor, sensorimotor, parietal cortices, cerebellum, and thalamus.
    • Subgroup analysis based on effort measures revealed recruitment of additional brain regions, such as extrastriate and prefrontal cortices.

    Conclusions:

    • Effort significantly influences cortical activation patterns during motor tasks.
    • fMRI data interpretation must account for the level of effort exerted by participants.
    • This study provides a foundation for future research into the neurobiology of effort and motor control, with potential clinical applications for sensorimotor recovery.