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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

The nuclear pore complex has entered the atomic age.

Stephen G Brohawn1, James R Partridge, James R R Whittle

  • 1Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Structure (London, England : 1993)
|September 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are crucial for cell function. Researchers are advancing the atomic-level understanding of these complex protein structures, detailing their building blocks and assembly.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential gateways in the nuclear envelope, regulating transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Beyond transport, NPC components play vital roles in nuclear organization and gene regulation.
  • Understanding NPC structure at atomic resolution is critical due to its central role in eukaryotic cell biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of research on nuclear pore complex structure.
  • To outline the challenges and future directions for achieving atomic-resolution understanding of NPCs.
  • To highlight progress in elucidating the molecular details of NPC assembly and architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing structural biology techniques to solve structures of NPC building blocks.
  • Developing models for the assembly of NPC scaffold components.
  • Reviewing existing literature and data on NPC structure and function.

Main Results:

  • Structures of key architectural scaffold components of the NPC have been determined.
  • Models proposing the assembly of these building blocks have been put forward.
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the NPC's modularity and molecular detail.

Conclusions:

  • Despite decades of study, the complexity of NPCs has hindered atomic-resolution structural determination.
  • Recent advances in structural biology are providing unprecedented molecular insights into NPC architecture.
  • Further research is needed to fully resolve the NPC structure at atomic resolution and understand its complete function.