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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Trans-translation by tmRNA and SmpB.

Masataka Une1, Daisuke Kurita, Akira Muto

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan.

Nucleic Acids Symposium Series (2004)
|September 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial tmRNA and SmpB protein bind to the ribosome during trans-translation. This molecular mimicry explains how tmRNA recognizes stalled ribosomes and bypasses codon-anticodon interactions.

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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein
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Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein
05:48

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Published on: March 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • tmRNA functions as both tRNA and mRNA, facilitating trans-translation.
  • Trans-translation allows ribosomes to switch from problematic mRNAs to tmRNA.
  • SmpB protein is essential for tmRNA binding to the ribosome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between SmpB, tmRNA, and the ribosome.
  • To elucidate the binding sites and orientation of SmpB within the ribosome.
  • To understand the mechanism of tmRNA recognition and ribosome rescue.

Main Methods:

  • Directed hydroxyl radical probing was employed.
  • Analysis of SmpB binding sites on the 30S ribosomal subunit.
  • Mapping the location of SmpB C-terminal regions relative to mRNA path.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct SmpB binding sites were identified at the ribosomal A-site and P-site.
  • The C-terminal regions of SmpB were found along the mRNA path within the 30S subunit.
  • Evidence supports a molecular mimicry mechanism involving both tmRNA and SmpB.

Conclusions:

  • A novel molecular mimicry model is proposed for trans-translation.
  • tmRNA and SmpB mimic tRNA and mRNA structures/functions.
  • This mechanism explains tmRNA's preferential binding to stalled ribosomes and the absence of codon-anticodon interaction.