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Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

Autophagic Cell Death

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: October 28, 2019

Viruses and autophagy.

Sagar B Kudchodkar¹, Beth Levine

¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA.

Reviews in Medical Virology

|September 15, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, plays a dual role in viral infections, acting as both an antiviral defense and a tool for viral replication. Understanding this interaction is key to developing new antiviral therapies.

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Published on: July 21, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: October 28, 2019

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading damaged components and pathogens.
Defective autophagy is linked to various diseases, highlighting its importance in homeostasis.
Viruses interact with the autophagy machinery during infection, influencing host-pathogen dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the multifaceted roles of autophagy in viral life cycles and pathogenesis.
To investigate how viruses manipulate autophagy for their own benefit or are targeted by it.
To identify potential therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy in viral infections.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on autophagy and viral interactions.
Analysis of the known mechanisms of autophagy execution and regulation.
Examination of viral strategies to evade or exploit the autophagic pathway.

Main Results:

Autophagy can act as an antiviral mechanism through xenophagy (degradation of viral components).
Some viruses inhibit autophagy to evade degradation, while others utilize it for replication and egress.
Autophagy also influences innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections.

Conclusions:

Autophagy plays complex, context-dependent roles in viral infections, acting as both a defense and a facilitator.
Targeting specific aspects of the autophagy pathway holds promise for novel antiviral therapies.
Further research into the intricate interplay between viruses and autophagy is crucial for therapeutic development.