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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

TSH receptor activation and body composition.

Anna de Lloyd1, James Bursell, John W Gregory

  • 1Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|September 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones and TSH may both impact body composition in thyroid disease. This review examines evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and patient studies on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone roles.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Body Composition Analysis

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (free T3 and T4) traditionally explain body composition changes in hyper/hypothyroidism.
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors are present in bone, fat, and muscle tissues.
  • This suggests TSH may directly influence these tissues, independent of free thyroid hormones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for TSH's role in thyroid disease-related body composition changes.
  • To evaluate the combined impact of thyroid hormones and TSH on bone, adipose tissue, and muscle.
  • To synthesize findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro experimental studies.
  • Analysis of data from in vivo mouse models of thyroid disease.
  • Examination of clinical data from patient-based studies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests TSH directly affects bone, adipose tissue, and muscle.
  • Thyroid hormones and TSH may have synergistic or independent effects on body composition.
  • Studies indicate a complex interplay between TSH, thyroid hormones, and tissue health.

Conclusions:

  • Both thyroid hormones and TSH contribute to body composition alterations in thyroid dysfunction.
  • TSH's direct actions on target tissues are significant and warrant further investigation.
  • Understanding these dual roles is crucial for managing thyroid-related metabolic changes.