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Related Concept Videos

Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection
09:15

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2019

Human immune proteome in experimental colonization with Staphylococcus aureus.

Silva Holtfreter1, Thi Thu Hoai Nguyen, Heiman Wertheim

  • 1Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI
|September 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Staphylococcus aureus carriers have antibodies against its virulence factors, but experimental colonization doesn't boost this response. Minor infections, not short-term colonization, likely trigger these protective antibodies.

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Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Over 20% of adults are persistently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Staphylococcus aureus carriers face increased infection risks but show lower bacteremia-related death rates.
  • This suggests a potential protective role for the adaptive immune system in carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate antibody profiles against Staphylococcus aureus extracellular proteins in healthy individuals.
  • To determine if experimental colonization with a low-virulence S. aureus strain induces an antibody response.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2-dimensional immunoblotting to analyze antibody profiles.
  • Screened sera from volunteers for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody binding to extracellular staphylococcal proteins before and after colonization.
  • Employed a low-virulence S. aureus strain (8325-4) for experimental nasal colonization.

Main Results:

  • Most volunteers initially possessed IgG against conserved virulence factors like alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and phospholipase C (Plc).
  • Significant variability in antibody spot patterns and intensities was observed.
  • Experimental nasal colonization with S. aureus 8325-4 did not induce new antibodies or enhance existing humoral responses.

Conclusions:

  • The high prevalence of anti-S. aureus antibodies in humans is likely not due to short-term nasal colonization.
  • Minor infections are presumably necessary to trigger anti-S. aureus antibody responses.
  • Understanding these antibody responses is crucial for managing S. aureus infections.