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Related Concept Videos

Attachment01:20

Attachment

Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that physical...
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Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood

Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others. While Attachment Theory was conceived in developmental psychology to describe infant-caregiver bonding, it's been extended into adulthood to include romantic relationships.
Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Oral01:16

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Oral

The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
Weaning, typically occurring around the age...
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Parenting Styles

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Non-Nutritive Suck Parameters Measurements Using a Custom Pressure Transducer System
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Published on: April 19, 2024

The pacifier debate.

Alejandro G Jenik1, Nestor Vain

  • 1Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Early Human Development
|September 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pacifier use does not negatively impact breastfeeding duration or exclusivity. A large randomized controlled trial (RCT) found recommending pacifiers did not alter breastfeeding outcomes, suggesting a reevaluation of current guidelines.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Lactation Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest pacifier use is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration.
  • However, observational studies cannot establish causation.
  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to determine causality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal effect of pacifier recommendation on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity.
  • To challenge the established notion that pacifier use adversely affects breastfeeding success.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a large randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  • Recruited mothers successfully breastfeeding at 2 weeks postpartum.
  • Assessed the impact of recommending pacifier use on breastfeeding prevalence and duration at various time points.

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Published on: September 22, 2023

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A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
05:04

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Published on: September 22, 2023

Main Results:

  • Recommending pacifier use did not significantly modify the prevalence of exclusive or any breastfeeding.
  • Pacifier recommendation did not alter the overall duration of lactation.
  • Findings suggest no causal link between pacifier use and breastfeeding cessation.

Conclusions:

  • Lactation consultants and international health agencies should reconsider discouraging pacifier use.
  • Evidence from this RCT indicates pacifier use does not negatively affect breastfeeding outcomes.
  • Guidelines regarding pacifier use in infants should be reevaluated based on causal evidence.