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Updated: Jun 20, 2026
07:59
A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
Published on: October 4, 2019
Naturally occurring labdane diterpene and benzofuran from Globba pendula
Maulidiani1, Khozirah Shaari, Christian Paetz
1Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Natural Product Communications
|September 23, 2009
Summary
Phytochemical analysis of Globba pendula yielded a new labdadienolide and benzofuran derivative. Isoandrographolide showed significant cytotoxic activity against multiple cancer cell lines.
Area of Science:
- Natural Product Chemistry
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Globba pendula is a plant species with potential medicinal properties.
- Phytochemical studies are crucial for discovering novel bioactive compounds.
Purpose of the Study:
- To isolate and characterize compounds from Globba pendula.
- To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds against cancer cell lines.
Main Methods:
- Phytochemical investigation using spectroscopic data analysis.
- Cytotoxicity assays on MCF-7, PC-3, and H-460 cancer cell lines.
Main Results:
- Isolation of a new labdadienolide (1) and benzofuran-2-carboxaldehyde (2).
- Identification of known compounds including isoandrographolide, indirubin, and sterols.
- Isoandrographolide exhibited potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 7.9 to 9.0 microM.
Conclusions:
- Globba pendula is a source of novel chemical entities.
- Isoandrographolide demonstrates promising anticancer potential, warranting further investigation.
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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene...
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01:23Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
01:18Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems
The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
01:37NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives
Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
01:18Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives
When disubstituted benzenes undergo electrophilic substitution, the product distribution depends on the directing effect of both substituents. When the directing effects of both substituents reinforce each other, a single product is obtained. For example, bromination of p-nitrotoluene occurs ortho to the methyl group and meta to the nitro group, which is the same position, resulting in a single product. However, if the directing effects of the two groups oppose each other, the more strongly...
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In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.