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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete01:22

Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete

Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
Waterproofing admixtures render concrete hydrophobic,...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects
09:15

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects

Published on: January 4, 2016

Water fluoridation.

C Parnell1, H Whelton, D O'Mullane

  • 1Oral Health Services Research Centre, University Dental School, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. c.parnell@ucc.ie

European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry
|September 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water fluoridation is an effective method for reducing dental caries in children and adults. This public health measure, when feasible and acceptable, helps decrease the oral health disparities across social classes.

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Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Dental Research
  • Systematic Review

Background:

  • Dental caries remains a significant public health concern globally.
  • Effective and safe population-level interventions are crucial for caries prevention.
  • Water fluoridation has been a long-standing strategy for improving oral health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of water fluoridation.
  • To summarize findings from high-quality systematic reviews and guidelines.
  • To assess the impact of water fluoridation on caries reduction and adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a comprehensive search for systematic reviews and guidelines published between 2000 and 2008.
  • Utilized databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.
  • Assessed the methodological quality of reviews using SIGN checklists and guidelines using the AGREE instrument.

Main Results:

  • Included 3 systematic reviews and 3 guidelines, noting good review quality but moderate-to-low quality of included studies.
  • Water fluoridation demonstrated effectiveness in reducing caries prevalence in both children and adults.
  • No established adverse effects were linked to water fluoridation, apart from dental fluorosis.
  • Evidence suggests water fluoridation benefits all social classes and may reduce oral health inequalities.

Conclusions:

  • Water fluoridation is a relevant and valid population measure for preventing dental caries.
  • Its implementation should consider technical feasibility and cultural acceptability.
  • The strategy contributes to equitable oral health outcomes.