Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Analytical electrical model for a Si liquid crystal light valve.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Dynamic self-pumped phase-conjugating mirror based on the bacteriorhodopsin variant D96N: comment.

Optics letters·2009

Same author

Single-pixel demonstration of innovative adaptive optics by use of a charge-transfer membrane light modulator.

Optics letters·2009

Same author

Optical real-time defect-enhancement diagnostic system.

Optics letters·2009

Same author

Control of self-pumped phase-conjugate reflectivity using incoherent erasure.

Optics letters·2009

Same author

Continuous-wave self-pumped optical phase conjugation in atomic sodium vapor.

Optics letters·2009

Same journal

Gaussian-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 60 km fiber using an integrated silicon photonic receiver.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

E2E-OCT: end-to-end joint learning model using optical coherence tomography images for vocal cord leukoplakia diagnosis.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Holographic generation of panoramic 3D scenes by concave ellipsoidal mirror reflection.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Dual-pilot phase recovery with pair-wise maximum-ratio combining for coherent PONs.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Mapping the whispering gallery modes of a CaF<sub>2</sub> disk resonator with half-tapered fibers to estimate the fundamental mode volume.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Quantitative estimation of deep-subwavelength scale via dark-field scattering axial energy concentration decay profiles.

Optics letters·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Retromodulation/conjugation using a self-pumped atomic sodium phase-conjugate mirror.

C J Gaeta, D M Pepper

|September 25, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers modified a self-pumped atomic sodium phase-conjugate mirror to encode temporal information. This new device achieved high modulation rates, demonstrating its potential for advanced optical signal processing.

More Related Videos

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Published on: July 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Published on: July 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Nonlinear Optics
Optical Engineering

Background:

Phase-conjugate mirrors (PCMs) are crucial for optical signal processing and aberration correction.
Self-pumped PCMs offer simplified experimental setups.
Encoding temporal information onto light beams is essential for high-speed communications.

Purpose of the Study:

To modify a self-pumped atomic sodium phase-conjugate mirror to encode temporal information.
To investigate the modulation capabilities of the modified device.

Main Methods:

Integration of an amplitude modulator into a self-pumped atomic sodium phase-conjugate mirror.
Utilizing an intracavity acousto-optic modulator for amplitude modulation.
Characterization of modulation rates and depths.

Main Results:

Successfully developed a device capable of encoding temporal information onto a phase-conjugate return beam.
Achieved modulation rates up to 4 MHz.
Demonstrated high modulation depths ranging from 70% to 90%.

Conclusions:

The modified atomic sodium phase-conjugate mirror effectively encodes temporal information.
The device shows promise for applications in optical communications and signal processing.
Further optimization of electronics and modulator could enhance performance.