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Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Production of Antibiotics

Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...
Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
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Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes T&#252;6028
09:08

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

Published on: January 13, 2017

Mitomycins syntheses: a recent update.

Jean-Christophe Andrez1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z1, Canada. jc.andrez@gmail.com

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
|September 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mitomycins are potent antibacterial and anti-cancer drugs. Their complex structures have made total synthesis challenging, with only four successful syntheses reported in 30 years.

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mitomycins are highly effective antibacterial and anti-cancer agents with broad-spectrum activity.
  • These compounds have been utilized in clinical settings since the 1960s.
  • The total synthesis of mitomycins presents significant chemical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical challenges and successes in the total synthesis of mitomycins.
  • To highlight the medicinal importance and complex structure of these compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published total synthesis strategies for mitomycins.
  • Analysis of chemical methodologies employed in reported syntheses.

Main Results:

Keywords:
antitumourbioactivitymitomycinmitosenesynthesis

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  • Despite their clinical utility, the total synthesis of mitomycins, particularly in racemic form, has been achieved only four times in the last three decades.
  • The complexity of the mitomycin scaffold has historically deterred synthetic efforts.

Conclusions:

  • The total synthesis of mitomycins remains a formidable challenge in organic chemistry.
  • Further advancements in synthetic methodologies are needed to facilitate access to these vital therapeutic agents.