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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Stem cells and somatic cells: reprogramming and plasticity.

Zeev Estrov1

  • 1Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. zestrov@mdanderson.org

Clinical Lymphoma & Myeloma
|September 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent stem cell research shows mature cells can be reprogrammed, challenging traditional theories of cell development and offering new insights into cancer stem cell plasticity.

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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Published on: December 16, 2016

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
13:05

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

Published on: May 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Seminal discoveries in stem cell research have advanced the field.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and human embryonic stem cell derivation have raised hopes for regenerative medicine.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies suggest somatic cells can transdifferentiate, challenging established developmental hypotheses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept that any cell can be reprogrammed into another cell type.
  • To examine how this reprogramming concept challenges traditional stem cell and developmental theories.
  • To assess the implications for cancer stem cell theory and cancer cell plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent seminal discoveries in stem cell research.
  • Analysis of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and cell fusion experiments.
  • Examination of gene transfer studies demonstrating somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo studies on cell differentiation and plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to regain pluripotent or totipotent stem cell capacity.
  • These findings contradict established hypotheses regarding hierarchical stem cell differentiation and germ layer specificity.
  • Cancer cell plasticity supports the notion that cellular phenotype and function can be altered.

Conclusions:

  • Mature somatic cells possess a greater capacity for reprogramming than previously understood.
  • The plasticity of somatic cells challenges fundamental concepts in developmental biology.
  • Further research should exploit cellular plasticity mechanisms and cautiously assess the clinical significance of cancer stem cell theory.