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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Inflammation: Introduction01:28

Inflammation: Introduction

Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Du-Moxibustion in a Mouse Model of Ankylosing Spondylitis
04:47

Du-Moxibustion in a Mouse Model of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Published on: October 27, 2023

Summon SUMO to wrestle with inflammation.

Bin Liu1, Ke Shuai

  • 1Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. bliu@ucla.edu

Molecular Cell
|September 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

SUMOylation of liver X receptors (LXRs) is crucial for controlling inflammation in brain astrocytes. This process helps suppress inflammatory responses triggered by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and STAT1.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors, including liver X receptors (LXRs) alpha and beta, are key regulators of cellular processes.
  • Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling activates STAT1, a transcription factor involved in inflammatory responses.
  • Brain astrocytes play a critical role in neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of SUMOylation in the function of LXRs.
  • To determine how LXR SUMOylation affects inflammatory pathways in astrocytes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of transrepression of IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 activity by LXRs.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to study protein SUMOylation.
  • Cell culture of primary brain astrocytes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Du-Moxibustion in a Mouse Model of Ankylosing Spondylitis
04:47

Du-Moxibustion in a Mouse Model of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Published on: October 27, 2023

  • Analysis of gene expression related to inflammatory pathways.
  • Western blotting to detect protein modifications and activation states.

    • Main Results:

    • SUMOylation of LXRalpha and LXRbeta was confirmed.
    • SUMOylated LXRs were found to inhibit IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 activation.
    • This inhibition, termed transrepression, was demonstrated to be critical in astrocytes.
    • The study identified a key regulatory mechanism in neuroinflammation.

    Conclusions:

    • SUMOylation of LXRs is essential for the transrepression of IFN-gamma-induced inflammatory responses in brain astrocytes.
    • This finding provides a molecular link between LXR function and neuroinflammatory processes.
    • Targeting LXR SUMOylation may offer therapeutic strategies for inflammatory conditions in the brain.