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Related Concept Videos

Migration00:53

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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles
08:44

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Published on: January 3, 2017

Remarkable spatial memory in a migratory cardinalfish.

Kayoko Fukumori1, Noboru Okuda, Kosaku Yamaoka

  • 1Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. fuku@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Animal Cognition
|September 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Migratory cardinalfish demonstrate remarkable long-term spatial memory. After overwintering, females accurately returned to their previous breeding territories, showing homing ability.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Neuroscience
  • Marine biology

Background:

  • Spatial memory is crucial for animal survival and reproduction.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of long-term spatial memory in marine species is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term spatial memory and homing ability of the migratory marine cardinalfish, Apogon notatus.
  • To determine if female A. notatus can retain memory of their territory locations over winter.

Main Methods:

  • Field research conducted over two consecutive breeding seasons.
  • Individual marking of female A. notatus for tracking territory settlement.
  • Monitoring of territory site fidelity after overwintering in deep water.

Main Results:

  • Female A. notatus maintained territories throughout a breeding season.
  • 82.1% of females returned to their breeding grounds after overwintering.
  • Females reoccupied previous territories with an average shift of only 0.56 m, indicating precise site recall.

Conclusions:

  • Female A. notatus possess significant long-distance homing ability.
  • These fish exhibit long-term spatial memory, retaining territory location information for at least 6 months.
  • The findings suggest a strong capacity for spatial memory in this marine species.