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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Multifocal pupillographic visual field testing in glaucoma.

Ted Maddess¹, Suzanne M Bedford, Xin-Lin Goh

¹ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. ted.maddess@anu.edu.au

Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology

|October 1, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method using pupillary responses to multifocal stimuli for assessing visual field defects. It shows diagnostic accuracy comparable to automated perimetry, offering additional data on response timing and efferent function.

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Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

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Published on: July 21, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Medical Technology

Background:

Current methods for visual field assessment, such as automated perimetry, are essential for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like glaucoma.
Assessing visual field defects in both eyes simultaneously can improve efficiency and provide a more comprehensive understanding of visual function.
Pupillary responses are involuntary reflexes that can potentially be leveraged to infer visual pathway integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a novel method for concurrently assessing visual field defects in both eyes.
To evaluate the efficacy of recording pupillary responses to multifocal stimuli as a diagnostic tool.
To compare the diagnostic performance of this pupillary response method with established automated perimetry techniques.

Main Methods:

Twenty normal subjects and 26 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were recruited.
A stereoscopic display system presented multifocal stimuli (24 regions per eye) to assess pupillary responses.
Pupil responses were recorded using video cameras under infrared illumination across various stimulus conditions (single/array patches, steady/flickered).

Main Results:

The single patch, non-flickered stimulus condition demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 84%.
Pupil contraction amplitudes under the optimal stimulus condition yielded a median z-score of 3.2.
The method generated 96 direct and consensual pupillary responses per subject.

Conclusions:

This pupillary response-based method achieves diagnostic accuracy comparable to automated perimetry for visual field assessment.
Unlike traditional perimetry, this technique provides standard errors for each point and offers insights into response delay and efferent defects.
A significant advantage is that only one functioning pupil is required to measure the visual fields of both eyes.