Lessons from the lily pad: Using Xenopus to understand heart disease

The developing embryos of the South African (Xenopus laevis) and Western (Xenopus tropicalis) clawed frogs provide an experimentally tractable and easily visualized model for vertebrate cardiovascular development. Most of the genes used to execute the cardiac developmental program are the same in frogs and humans. Experiments using Xenopus provide an underutilized but valuable complement to studies on the molecular, cellular, physiological and morphological consequences of genetic and environmental influences on cardiac disease.