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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Inflammation: Introduction01:28

Inflammation: Introduction

Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Group differences in proneness to inflammation.

Renee Pennington1, Chandler Gatenbee, Brett Kennedy

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|October 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immune systems evolved differently based on ancestral pathogen exposure. Recent African ancestry correlates with a "tuned up" immune response, potentially increasing inflammatory disease risk in modern populations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Human evolutionary biology
  • Immunology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Humans originated from an African diaspora ~50,000 years ago, with some archaic admixture.
  • Historical infectious disease burden varied geographically, being higher in tropical Africa and lower in the New World due to the Beringian filter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how evolved immune system responses to differing pathogen burdens across geographic ancestries may influence inflammatory disease rates.
  • To hypothesize differential immune "tuning" based on ancestral pathogen exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of historical infectious disease prevalence across continents.
  • Inference of immune system adaptation based on geographic ancestry and pathogen exposure models.

Main Results:

  • Immune systems are expected to be "tuned up" in populations with recent tropical African ancestry.
  • Intermediate immune tuning is anticipated in European and Asian ancestries.
  • A "tuned down" immune response is hypothesized for Native American ancestries.

Conclusions:

  • Evolved immune responses to diverse pathogen loads may explain differential rates of inflammatory diseases in modern populations.
  • Ancestral pathogen pressure is a significant factor shaping contemporary human immune function and disease susceptibility.