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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes
10:19

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

Published on: June 15, 2017

Reverse breeding: a novel breeding approach based on engineered meiosis.

Rob Dirks1, Kees van Dun, C Bastiaan de Snoo

  • 1Rijk Zwaan Breeding BV, Fijnaart, The Netherlands.

Plant Biotechnology Journal
|October 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Reverse breeding (RB) directly produces homozygous parental lines for any heterozygous plant by eliminating meiotic recombination. This novel plant breeding technique enables the perpetual reconstitution of heterozygotes, revolutionizing crop improvement strategies.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Agricultural science
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Traditional plant breeding faces challenges in fixing heterozygous genotypes.
  • Developing homozygous parental lines is a primary objective in crop improvement.
  • Reverse breeding (RB) offers a novel approach to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and explain the concept of reverse breeding (RB).
  • To detail the mechanism of RB in generating homozygous parental lines.
  • To explore the potential applications of RB in plant breeding.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered meiosis to reduce genetic recombination in heterozygotes.
  • Elimination of meiotic crossing over to ensure non-recombinant chromosomes in spores.
  • In vitro culture of spores to generate homozygous doubled haploid plants (DHs).

Main Results:

  • RB successfully produces perfectly complementing homozygous parental lines.
  • Selected DHs from RB can be used to reconstitute the original heterozygote.
  • The method allows for the fixation of unknown heterozygous genotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Reverse breeding is a transformative plant breeding technique.
  • RB enables the direct production of essential parental lines for any heterozygote.
  • This method holds significant potential for revolutionizing future plant breeding and crop development.