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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

Published on: March 23, 2021

Niacin status impacts chromatin structure.

James B Kirkland1

  • 1Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. jkirklan@uoguelph.ca

The Journal of Nutrition
|October 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Niacin is essential for NAD/NADP in metabolism. Its deficiency impacts non-redox NAD(+) roles, affecting chromatin structure, genomic stability, and cell functions like apoptosis.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Niacin is a precursor to NAD and NADP, vital for cellular redox reactions.
  • NAD(+) also participates in non-redox reactions like ADP-ribosylation, crucial for metabolic regulation.
  • Dietary niacin status influences these critical non-redox NAD(+) functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of niacin in cellular metabolism beyond redox reactions.
  • To explore the connection between niacin status and the regulation of chromatin structure via ADP-ribosylation.
  • To understand how niacin deficiency impacts genomic stability and cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biochemical pathways involving niacin, NAD, and NADP.
  • Analysis of ADP-ribosylation mechanisms and their impact on chromatin.

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Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes

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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

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Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis
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Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

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  • Examination of the link between niacin status and cellular processes like DNA repair, cell division, and apoptosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Niacin is critical for NAD/NADP synthesis, supporting essential redox reactions.
    • NAD(+) is a substrate for various ADP-ribosylation reactions, including protein modification and deacetylation.
    • Four key mechanisms link ADP-ribosylation to chromatin regulation, involving histone modification and sirtuin activity.
    • Altered niacin status significantly affects chromatin structure and associated cellular functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Niacin's role extends beyond redox reactions, significantly influencing cellular metabolism through non-redox NAD(+) functions.
    • ADP-ribosylation pathways, sensitive to niacin availability, are critical regulators of chromatin structure.
    • Niacin deficiency can compromise genomic stability, cell division, and apoptosis, highlighting its importance in overall cell health.