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Related Concept Videos

Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations
06:51

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

Published on: August 21, 2018

Acoustic standing wave suppression using randomized phase-shift-keying excitations.

Sai Chun Tang, Gregory T Clement

    The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
    |October 10, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study shows phase-shift-keying (PSK) effectively reduces acoustic standing waves. Random binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) reduced spatial intensity variations by six times.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustics
    • Wave physics
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Acoustic standing waves pose challenges in applications like phased arrays.
    • Frequency-modulated spread-spectrum excitation is a known method for inhibition.
    • A more practical alternative using phase-shift-keying (PSK) is investigated.

    Discussion:

    • The study explores binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) for inhibiting acoustic standing waves.
    • Experiments were conducted in water using a 250 kHz carrier frequency and a 10-cycle time segment.
    • The acoustic field was measured using a transducer in a plastic-walled chamber.

    Key Insights:

    • Both random binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) significantly reduce standing wave effects.
    • These PSK methods decreased time-averaged spatial intensity variations by approximately six times compared to continuous wave excitation.
    • The findings suggest PSK is a practical method for controlling standing waves in phased array systems.

    Outlook:

    • Further research could explore optimal PSK parameters for different acoustic environments.
    • Implementation in real-world phased array systems can be explored.
    • Investigating the impact of PSK on other acoustic phenomena is warranted.