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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
Published on: June 14, 2024
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response
Ashwani Kapoor1, Arun J Sanyal
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA.
Abstract:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the key cellular organelle involved in protein homoeostasis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a fundamental cellular process triggered by ER stress because of lack of ATP or primary ER dysfunction. The UPR is activated and dysregulated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The UPR has been shown to be involved in both normal physiologic functions and the cellular response to a host of pathologic states. This article reviews the pathways by which the UPR unfolds and its potential role in the development and progression of NAFLD.
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