Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion01:26

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion

Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems01:24

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems

The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Quantitative phase microscopy for time-lapse hypoxia-induced cellular assays based on the transport of intensity equation.

Applied optics·2025
Same author

Single-shot 3 × 3 Mueller matrix microscopy with color polarization encoding.

Optics letters·2024
Same author

Differential effects of coverslip-induced hypoxia and cobalt chloride mimetic hypoxia on cellular stress, metabolism, and nuclear structure.

Tissue & cell·2024
Same author

Spatial perception in stereoscopic augmented reality based on multifocus sensing.

Optics express·2024
Same author

Real-time phase retrieval in division of aperture microscopy with the transport of intensity equation.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2024
Same author

Contributions of viral oncogenes of HPV-18 and hypoxia to oxidative stress and genetic damage in human keratinocytes.

Scientific reports·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Human capacitance to dosage imbalance: coping with inefficient selection.

Ariel Fernández1, Jianping Chen

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. arifer@rice.edu

Genome Research
|October 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein packing deficiency influences gene duplication retention. In humans, microRNA regulation helps manage dosage imbalances, unlike in unicellular organisms.

More Related Videos

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task
07:08

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task
07:08

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Protein structural integrity relies on associations, making packing quality crucial.
  • Packing deficiency is linked to dosage sensitivity, affecting fitness due to concentration imbalances.
  • Gene duplication events can lead to dosage imbalances, with evolutionary consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of protein packing deficiency in dosage sensitivity and gene duplication.
  • To explore the evolutionary mechanisms mitigating dosage imbalances in higher eukaryotes, particularly humans.
  • To determine if post-transcriptional regulation, specifically microRNA targeting, contributes to this tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Examined gene retention rates following duplication for genes encoding proteins with varying packing deficiencies.
  • Compared evolutionary selection pressures in unicellular organisms versus higher eukaryotes.
  • Analyzed microRNA target patterns within human gene families to assess paralog regulation.

Main Results:

  • Genes encoding deficiently packed proteins are less likely to be retained after duplication, especially in unicellular organisms.
  • Higher eukaryotes, like humans, exhibit a 'capacitance' for dosage imbalance, mitigating selection pressure.
  • MicroRNA regulation plays a key role in human tolerance, with proteins having higher packing deficiency showing more dissimilar microRNA targeting of their paralogs.
  • Low capacitance families show correlations between paralog sequence divergence, family size, and packing deficiency, similar to unicellular eukaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • Protein packing deficiency is a significant factor in dosage sensitivity and evolutionary gene retention.
  • Human tolerance to dosage imbalance is partly achieved through sophisticated post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs.
  • This microRNA-mediated regulation of paralogs helps prevent fitness costs associated with concentration imbalances.
  • Understanding these mechanisms may shed light on the evolution of aggregation-related diseases linked to protein overexpression.