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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Enhancing sunscreen efficacy in the 'real' world?

E Jungman1, H I Maibach

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0989, USA.

The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
|October 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sunscreen efficacy relies on proper application, yet failures occur. This review examines sunscreen use issues and proposes 2007 FDA rules for better consumer communication and product effectiveness in preventing sunburn and skin cancer.

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Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
06:24

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Published on: May 28, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
06:24

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Published on: May 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Public Health
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Sunscreens have been available since the 1930s for sunburn and skin cancer prevention.
  • Increasing awareness of photoaging and skin cancer drives expanded sunscreen use.
  • Current sunscreen efficacy is limited by inadequate application and utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document existing issues and challenges in the practical application of sunscreens.
  • To review the 2007 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-proposed regulations for sunscreens.
  • To explore potential strategies for improving sunscreen efficacy and consumer communication.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sunscreen use and efficacy.
  • Analysis of historical sunscreen commercialization and market trends.
  • Examination of regulatory proposals and their implications for consumer products.

Main Results:

  • Sunscreen effectiveness is highly dependent on correct and sufficient application.
  • Failures in achieving desired protection are common due to user error.
  • The 2007 FDA proposals aimed to enhance product labeling and efficacy standards.

Conclusions:

  • Improving sunscreen efficacy requires addressing user application habits.
  • Enhanced consumer education and clearer labeling are crucial for optimal photoprotection.
  • Regulatory updates are necessary to ensure sunscreens provide reliable protection against UV damage.