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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Nuclear trafficking during plant innate immunity.

Jun Liu1, Gitta Coaker

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, The University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

Molecular Plant
|October 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Plant resistance (R) genes initiate effector-triggered immunity against pathogens. Nuclear trafficking of R proteins is crucial for activating plant disease resistance signaling pathways.

Area of Science:

  • Plant immunity
  • Molecular plant pathology
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Plants possess innate immune systems to combat pathogen infections.
  • Two main branches exist: one recognizing conserved microbial features, the other detecting pathogen effectors via plant resistance (R) genes.
  • R genes, often encoding nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins, mediate effector-triggered immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of nuclear trafficking in plant disease resistance.
  • To understand the signaling events initiated by R genes.
  • To highlight the importance of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport in effector-triggered immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent discoveries on R protein nuclear trafficking.

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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants
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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants

Published on: September 9, 2009

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants
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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants

Published on: September 9, 2009

  • Analysis of evidence implicating nucleo-cytoplasmic transport in resistance signaling.
  • Examination of mutations in nucleoporins and importins affecting resistance.

    • Main Results:

    • Dynamic nuclear trafficking of plant R proteins is implicated in effector-triggered immunity.
    • Evidence suggests nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is vital for resistance signaling.
    • Disruptions in nuclear transport components compromise plant disease resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • Nuclear trafficking plays a critical role in the manifestation of R gene-mediated disease resistance.
    • Understanding these transport mechanisms is key to deciphering plant innate immunity.
    • Targeting nuclear transport could offer new strategies for enhancing crop disease resistance.