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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
Microbe-Plant Interactions01:09

Microbe-Plant Interactions

Microbe-plant interactions represent a dynamic spectrum of associations shaped by intricate chemical signaling. These interactions can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental, and profoundly influence plant physiology, growth, and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome, comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses, plays a pivotal role in mediating these effects through surface colonization, internal colonization, or systemic symbiosis.Mutualistic associations, particularly with...

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Characterization of Immune Cells and Proinflammatory Mediators in the Pulmonary Environment
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Microbial interactions influence inflammatory host cell responses.

I Sliepen1, J Van Damme, M Van Essche

  • 1Catholic University Leuven, Research Group for Microbial Adhesion, Department of Periodontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Journal of Dental Research
|October 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Beneficial oral bacteria, like Streptococcus species, can reduce inflammation. Some bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, worsen inflammation, impacting tissue destruction in periodontitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Periodontal disease research

Background:

  • Inflammatory responses are key to periodontitis-related tissue damage.
  • Pathogenic bacteria trigger host cell inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how beneficial, commensal, and pathogenic oral bacteria affect host inflammatory responses.
  • To determine the impact of bacterial interactions on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the effects of specific bacterial species (Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, F. nucleatum) on human cells.
  • Measured interleukin-8 (IL-8) production induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans.
  • Utilized bacterial supernatants to assess inhibitory effects.

Main Results:

  • Beneficial streptococci (S. mitis, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis) significantly lowered A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced IL-8 production.
  • Streptococcal supernatants also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on IL-8 production.
  • Commensal S. gordonii had no effect, while pathogenic F. nucleatum increased IL-8 levels.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial species modulate host inflammatory responses during periodontitis.
  • Beneficial oral bacteria can attenuate inflammation, while certain pathogens exacerbate it.
  • These findings highlight the complex interplay between oral microbiota and host immunity in periodontitis.