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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis
08:40

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Published on: September 22, 2019

TLRs and chronic inflammation.

Caroline Ospelt1, Steffen Gay

  • 1Center of Experimental Rheumatology and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastr. 23, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland. Caroline.ospelt@usz.ch <Caroline.ospelt@usz.ch>

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in innate immunity, impacting pathogen defense, gut health, and stress responses. Dysregulation of TLRs is linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, highlighting their complex role.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis
08:40

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Published on: September 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) revitalized research into innate immune mechanisms.
  • TLRs and other innate immune receptors are critical for pathogen defense, maintaining homeostasis with commensal flora, and responding to stress signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of known Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways.
  • To recapitulate reports on TLR expression and activation in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current scientific publications on Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
  • Synthesis of information regarding TLR signaling mechanisms.
  • Compilation of data on TLR expression and activation in various chronic inflammatory conditions.

Main Results:

  • An increasing body of evidence suggests that aberrant TLR activation or ligand interaction contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • TLRs play multifaceted roles beyond pathogen recognition, including involvement in commensal flora homeostasis and stress responses.

Conclusions:

  • TLRs are central players in innate immunity with implications for both host defense and inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
  • Understanding TLR biology and signaling is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory conditions.