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Related Concept Videos

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Aromatic ionomers with superacid groups.

Kenji Miyatake1, Takuya Shimura, Takefumi Mikami

  • 1Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan. miyatake@yamanashi.ac.jp

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aromatic polymers with perfluorosulfonic acid groups exhibit excellent proton conductivity across various humidity levels due to their well-developed ionic clusters. This makes them promising for fuel cell applications.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers are crucial for proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in fuel cells.
  • Achieving high proton conductivity under diverse humidity conditions remains a key challenge.
  • The morphology of ionic clusters significantly impacts polymer performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between ionic cluster morphology and proton conductivity in aromatic PFSA polymers.
  • To understand how humidity affects the structure and performance of these polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of aromatic polymers functionalized with perfluorosulfonic acid groups.
  • Characterization of polymer morphology using techniques like small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
  • Proton conductivity measurements across a range of relative humidity (RH) levels.

Main Results:

  • Aromatic PFSA polymers demonstrated well-developed and interconnected ionic clusters.
  • High proton conductivity was observed over a wide humidity range, from low to high RH.
  • The interconnected cluster morphology facilitates efficient proton transport.

Conclusions:

  • The structural integrity and connectivity of ionic clusters in aromatic PFSA polymers are critical for high proton conductivity.
  • These materials show significant potential for use in fuel cell technologies requiring stable performance under varying humidity.