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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Neuroendovascular management of carotid cavernous fistulae
Stavropoula I Tjoumakaris1, Pascal M Jabbour, Robert H Rosenwasser
1Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 909 Walnut Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. stavropoula@gmail.com
Abstract:
Carotid-cavernous fistulae are abnormal arterial communications within the cavernous sinus. Endovascular obliteration is the mainstay therapy for the definitive treatment of these lesions. Several approaches have been described. These include transarterial or transvenous embolization with balloons, coils, particles, or covered stents, and arterial sacrifice. The preferred technique is based on the fistula type (direct or indirect), microanatomy, chronicity, and the extent of the arterial defect.
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