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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
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Published on: March 31, 2019

Finding distal regulatory elements in the human genome.

Nathaniel D Heintzman1, Bing Ren

  • 1Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0407, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|October 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human gene regulation involves distal elements like enhancers and insulators, often far from genes. Recent advances focus on identifying these long-range regulatory sequences across the genome.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Gene transcription is regulated by cis-regulatory elements, including promoters and distal elements.
  • Distal regulatory elements (enhancers, insulators, locus control regions, silencing elements) influence gene expression from afar.
  • Understanding of human distal regulatory elements remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in identifying human distal regulatory sequences.
  • To focus on enhancers and insulators as key classes of distal regulatory elements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and technological developments.
  • Focus on strategies for identifying long-range regulatory sequences in the human genome.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing strategies to identify distal regulatory sequences.
  • Enhancers and insulators are highlighted as crucial classes of these elements.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in identifying distal regulatory elements are rapidly expanding our knowledge.
  • Further research into enhancers and insulators is critical for understanding human gene regulation.