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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
Migration00:53

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
07:28

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Published on: September 5, 2018

Basic mechanism for abrupt monsoon transitions.

Anders Levermann1, Jacob Schewe, Vladimir Petoukhov

  • 1Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. anders.levermann@pik-potsdam.de

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model reveals a critical threshold for monsoon development, driven by moisture-advection feedback. Exceeding this threshold allows for two stable climate states, crucial for understanding past and future monsoon dynamics.

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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Monsoon systems significantly impact global populations and exhibit abrupt rainfall changes over geological timescales.
  • A key moisture-advection feedback amplifies seasonal heat balance, potentially driving abrupt monsoon shifts in response to minor external forcings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a minimal conceptual model that captures the positive feedback mechanism driving monsoon abrupt transitions.
  • To identify a threshold behavior and a nondimensional parameter governing monsoon system dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a minimal conceptual model based on observed relationships.
  • Analysis of the model to identify threshold behavior and stable regimes.
  • Computation of the critical net radiative influx (R(c)) for various global monsoon systems.

Main Results:

  • The model demonstrates a critical threshold (R(c)) for monsoon development, below which conventional monsoons do not form.
  • Above R(c), the model predicts two stable climate regimes, indicating bistability.
  • A nondimensional parameter (l) is identified, enabling comparison of abrupt transition characteristics across different monsoon systems.

Conclusions:

  • The identified moisture-advection feedback and threshold behavior are fundamental to monsoon dynamics.
  • The model provides a framework for understanding past and predicting future monsoon variations.
  • The dynamic similitude offered by the parameter 'l' aids in comparing diverse monsoon systems globally.