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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Published on: June 8, 2015

Monsoon hysteresis reveals atmospheric memory.

Anja Katzenberger^1,2, Anders Levermann^1,2,3

¹Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, 14473 Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|May 6, 2025

Summary

Atmospheric moisture creates hysteresis in monsoon rainfall, leading to two stable states independent of ocean heat. This finding reveals a critical memory effect in Earth's climate system, impacting global agriculture.

Keywords:

atmospheric memory climate change hysteresis behavior monsoon circulation tipping points

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Last Updated: May 22, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Published on: June 8, 2015

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Area of Science:

Climate science
Atmospheric dynamics
Monsoon meteorology

Background:

Ocean, cryosphere, and vegetation exhibit hysteresis, with states dependent on past conditions.
Atmospheric fast mixing was thought to prevent multistability due to lack of memory.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate atmospheric hysteresis in monsoon circulation.
Determine if the atmosphere possesses memory independent of oceanic heat storage.

Main Methods:

Analysis of observational data.
Simulation using a general circulation model.

Main Results:

Atmospheric moisture accumulation generates hysteresis in monsoon circulation.
Two stable atmospheric states exist for identical solar insolation.
Hysteresis increases with decreasing oceanic memory and states persist over 60 years.

Conclusions:

Monsoon rainfall dynamics involve seasonal transitions between two stable atmospheric states.
Atmospheric moisture accumulation provides a memory effect, enabling multistability.
Abrupt shifts in monsoon states have significant implications for global agriculture and food security.