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Related Concept Videos

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the rated...
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
Transformers01:26

Transformers

A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The winding...
Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
Zero-sequence currents, which are identical in magnitude and phase, generate a neutral current, resulting in voltage drops across the neutral impedance and the low-voltage winding. If the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
07:28

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Published on: August 30, 2012

Spot size transformer with a periodically segmented waveguide based on InP.

F Dorgeuille, B Mersali, S François

    Optics Letters
    |October 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers optimized a spot size transformer using a periodically segmented waveguide for InP photonic integrated circuits. This innovation achieves low loss and high expansion, advancing integrated optics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science (InP)
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Spot size transformers are crucial for coupling light between waveguides with different modes.
    • Existing methods for spot size transformers can be complex or inefficient.
    • Indium Phosphide (InP) is a key material for high-performance photonic integrated circuits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the first optimization of a spot size transformer using a periodically segmented waveguide on InP.
    • To demonstrate an efficient and compact spot size transformer design.
    • To achieve low insertion loss and high spot size expansion.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a periodically segmented waveguide structure.
    • Implementing a nonlinear variation of the segmentation ratio along the propagation direction.
    • Employing a simple optimization method based on beveled edge transition analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved internal losses as low as 1.2 dB in the transition region.
    • Demonstrated a very high transition spot size expansion factor.
    • Showcased an adiabatic transition over a short device length.

    Conclusions:

    • The optimized periodically segmented waveguide offers an effective solution for spot size transformation in InP photonic integrated circuits.
    • This method enables efficient light coupling and miniaturization of photonic devices.
    • The presented optimization technique is simple and yields excellent performance metrics.