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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Closed-circuit xenon delivery using a standard anesthesia workstation.

Shilpa Rawat¹, John Dingley

¹Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK.

Anesthesia and Analgesia

|October 29, 2009

Summary

This study demonstrates that xenon (Xe) anesthesia can be delivered efficiently in a closed circuit using standard equipment with modifications. This method reduces Xe consumption, making it more practical for neuroprotection and anesthesia.

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Neuroscience
Medical Engineering

Background:

Xenon (Xe) is a neuroprotective anesthetic with low solubility and patient uptake, making closed-circuit delivery optimal.
High cost and specialized equipment hinder Xe research; this study explores using standard anesthesia workstations.
Effective neuroprotection is a desirable goal, even if moderately expensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of true closed-circuit Xe delivery using an unmodified anesthesia workstation.
To develop and evaluate a Xe delivery protocol minimizing wastage.
To investigate the potential for recovering exhaled Xe.

Main Methods:

Sixteen patients undergoing surgery (>2h) received Xe (≥50%) via a modified standard anesthesia workstation.
A closed-circuit system was maintained by stopping fresh gases and replacing oxygen consumption with Xe boluses and continuous flow.
Exhaled Xe was collected for recovery analysis.

Main Results:

Total Xe consumption was 4.95 (0.82) L/h, with significantly lower maintenance consumption (2-3 L/h).
Xe delivery (≥50%) was maintained for up to 341 minutes (5h 41min).
Xe recovery from exhaled gas was 8.98% (5.94%), suggesting limited additional benefit.

Conclusions:

Closed-circuit Xe delivery is achievable with modified standard anesthesia workstations and breathing hose attachments.
The protocol demonstrated high gas efficiency, particularly during the initial Xe wash-in phase.
The efficiency achieved may render Xe recovery/recycling less critical for cost-effectiveness.