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Impact of Individuals on Individuals01:30

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data
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Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data

Published on: July 27, 2018

Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis.

Claudia Chiari1, Marco Dinetti, Cinzia Licciardello

  • 1ARPAT, Environmental Protection Agency, Tuscany Region, Via Porpora 22, 50144 Firenze, Italy.

The Journal of Animal Ecology
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Urbanization impacts bird communities globally. This study in Florence, Italy, found that while species-rich bird communities generally have more individuals, highly urbanized areas surprisingly have fewer species and lower overall abundance.

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The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

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Published on: January 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Urban Ecology
  • Biodiversity Science

Background:

  • Urbanization is a significant global driver of landscape change, impacting biodiversity worldwide.
  • Previous research on bird assemblages in urban and rural areas has not definitively established the relationship between species richness and abundance across varying urbanization levels.
  • The more-individuals hypothesis posits that species-rich communities are more stable due to larger population sizes, reducing extinction risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between avian species richness and assemblage abundance across different levels of urbanization in Florence, Italy.
  • To test the validity of the more-individuals hypothesis in human-modified and fragmented urban habitats.
  • To determine if densely urbanized ecosystems exhibit higher or lower species abundance compared to less urbanized areas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized newly compiled avian distribution data for 1 km² grid cells across Florence, Italy.
  • Analyzed the relationship between species richness and assemblage abundance across the entire urban area.
  • Compared the richness-abundance relationship in grid cells with <50% urbanization versus those with >50% urbanization.

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation between species richness and assemblage abundance was observed for the entire urban area.
  • This positive richness-abundance relationship was consistent in both less urbanized (<50%) and more urbanized (>50%) grid cells, with no significant difference in the slope.
  • However, highly urbanized grid cells exhibited a significantly lower intercept in the richness-abundance relationship, indicating fewer species and lower abundance.
  • The study confirmed that urban communities generally have lower species richness.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the more-individuals hypothesis, demonstrating its applicability even in human-modified and fragmented urban habitats.
  • Contrary to common assumptions, densely urbanized ecosystems in Florence do not necessarily host more individuals; they show reduced species richness and lower overall abundance.
  • Urbanized ecosystems serve as valuable natural laboratories for empirically testing ecological theories in real-time, large-scale experiments.