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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ01:09

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

In situ experiments, such as the Doluisio method and Single-Pass Perfusion technique, provide critical insights into drug uptake by simulating in vivo conditions for drug absorption.
The Doluisio method involves perfusing a prepared segment of a rat's small intestine with a solution of radiolabeled drug and a non-absorbable marker. This helps to differentiate between absorbed and non-absorbed drug concentrations. The intestinal segment is connected at both ends using tubing and syringes,...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products
14:54

An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products

Published on: October 20, 2018

STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY IN INTESTINAL SECRETION.

D M Davis1, H B Stone

  • 1Experimental Laboratory of the Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Fresh intestinal secretion is non-toxic. However, it becomes toxic after 18 hours of incubation unless preserved by heat or specific chemicals, indicating the importance of proper handling for intestinal research.

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Published on: January 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Intestinal secretions play a crucial role in gut physiology.
  • Understanding the stability and potential toxicity of intestinal secretions is vital for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the toxicity of intestinal secretions under various storage and preservation conditions.
  • To determine the stability of intestinal secretions over time.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of intestinal secretion using a novel method.
  • Assessment of toxicity after incubation at 37°C for 18 hours.
  • Evaluation of preservation methods including immediate heating (90-95°C) and chemical treatment (chloroform and toluene).

Main Results:

  • Fresh intestinal secretion was non-toxic.
  • Heated or chemically preserved secretions remained non-toxic after incubation.
  • Unpreserved secretions incubated for 18 hours became toxic, mimicking closed-loop fluid toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal secretion is non-toxic when fresh and properly preserved.
  • Toxicity develops upon incubation of unpreserved secretions, highlighting the need for immediate processing or preservation.
  • Chemical preservatives, when removed, do not induce toxicity, suggesting their utility in stabilizing secretions.