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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.

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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ADDITIVE AND ANTAGONISTIC ACTIONS OF SODIUM OXALATE, AND SALTS OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM IN THE RABBIT.

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro
11:52

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Published on: April 21, 2023

RESTORATIVE EFFECT OF SALTS OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM AFTER LETHAL DOSES OF SODIUM OXALATE.

F L Gates1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sodium oxalate injections are fatal to rabbits, causing convulsions. Magnesium and calcium salts antagonize oxalate poisoning by counteracting its toxic effects and reducing mortality. Massage aggravates oxalate toxicity.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro
11:52

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Animal Physiology

Background:

  • Intramuscular injections of sodium oxalate in rabbits at doses of 0.18-0.2 gm are invariably fatal.
  • Oxalate poisoning symptoms include excitation and progressively weakening convulsions.
  • Massage of the injection site exacerbates oxalate toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antagonistic effects of magnesium and calcium salts on sodium oxalate poisoning in rabbits.
  • To determine the influence of massage on oxalate toxicity and the efficacy of antidotes.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying oxalate poisoning and the therapeutic actions of magnesium and calcium.

Main Methods:

  • Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with sodium oxalate (0.18-0.2 gm).
  • Experiments involved co-administration of magnesium (0.4-0.6 gm) or calcium chloride (5-10 cc) with oxalate.
  • The effect of massaging the injection site was evaluated in conjunction with oxalate and antidote administration.

Main Results:

  • Magnesium injections (0.6 gm) alleviated symptoms and reduced mortality by 30%; lower doses (0.4 gm) with non-massaged sites reduced mortality by 80%.
  • Calcium chloride efficacy depended on dosage and timing; 10 cc given 1 minute post-oxalate injection was effective, as was 5 cc if the site was not massaged.
  • Magnesium and calcium demonstrated antagonism to oxalate's toxic effects, reducing excitation, convulsions, and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Magnesium and calcium salts act antagonistically to the toxic effects of sodium oxalate in rabbits.
  • The antagonism is partly due to calcium precipitation by oxalate, reducing essential calcium levels, and potentially other unknown factors.
  • Massage of the injection site is an aggravating factor in oxalate poisoning, while timely administration of magnesium or calcium can be life-saving.