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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay
09:20

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Published on: April 28, 2014

THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE ON PNEUMOCOCCI.

R J Dubos1

  • 1Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Formaldehyde concentration impacts pneumococci autolysis. High formaldehyde concentrations preserve pneumococci, which, when reactivated, act as effective type-specific antigens for antibody production.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Formaldehyde is commonly used to preserve bacterial cells.
  • Pneumococci possess autolytic enzymes that influence cell integrity and staining.
  • The Gram stain reaction is a critical characteristic for bacterial identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of formaldehyde concentration on pneumococcal autolysis.
  • To determine the role of autolytic enzymes in formaldehyde-treated pneumococci.
  • To evaluate the immunogenicity of formaldehyde-treated pneumococci as type-specific antigens.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of pneumococci with varying formaldehyde concentrations.
  • Washing and resuspension of formaldehyde-treated pneumococci in physiological solutions.

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  • Assessment of morphological and staining characteristics (Gram stain).
  • Evaluation of antibody elicitation in rabbits using treated pneumococci.

    • Main Results:

    • Low formaldehyde concentrations enhanced autolysis; high concentrations inhibited it, preserving cell morphology and Gram-positive staining.
    • Washed, formaldehyde-treated pneumococci, when reactivated, became Gram-negative due to autolytic enzyme activity.
    • Formolized pneumococci retaining Gram-positive character were effective type-specific antigens, while Gram-negative ones were not.

    Conclusions:

    • Formaldehyde concentration critically controls pneumococcal autolysis and Gram staining.
    • The autolytic enzyme's activity is key to the Gram-negative conversion and loss of antigenicity.
    • Stabilized, Gram-positive formolized pneumococci are valuable for preparing potent type-specific antigens.