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Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of 2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

Nuclear Export

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Published on: March 8, 2018

P(32) UPTAKE BY NUCLEI.

¹Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.

The Journal of General Physiology

|October 30, 2009

Summary

This study details a method for isolating nuclei and reveals that tumor nuclei rapidly accumulate radioactive phosphorus (P-32), primarily in nucleoproteins, indicating high mitotic activity. X-ray irradiation further alters this P-32 distribution in lymphoma cells.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Oncology

Background:

Mammalian tissue nuclei isolation methods are crucial for biochemical studies.
Understanding nuclear phosphorus uptake and distribution is key to cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a method for isolating mammalian nuclei.
To investigate the uptake and distribution of radioactive phosphorus (P-32) in normal and tumor cell nuclei.
To correlate P-32 metabolism with cellular activity, particularly mitosis.

Main Methods:

Isolation of nuclei from mammalian tissues.
Measurement of radioactive phosphorus (P-32) uptake by nuclei and cytoplasm.
Fractionation of nuclear components (nucleoprotein, lipid, acid-soluble) to analyze P-32 incorporation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Published on: March 8, 2018

Comparison of P-32 distribution in normal liver and tumor (lymphoma) cells.

Assessment of P-32 distribution changes following X-ray irradiation.

Main Results:

A method for isolating nuclei in quantity from mammalian tissues was established.
Nuclei exhibit rapid uptake of P-32, not through exchange, with tumor nuclei showing higher accumulation than normal liver nuclei due to mitotic activity.
60-70% of nuclear P-32 is in nucleoproteins 1-5 days post-administration; lymphoma nuclei show 90-95% in nucleoproteins.
Calculations suggest a new lymphoma nucleus is synthesized every 27 hours, and 7 x 10^4 tetranucleotide molecules are synthesized per second.
X-ray irradiation (200 r.) alters P-32 distribution, increasing nuclear concentration and decreasing cytoplasmic concentration shortly after, correlating with mitosis inhibition.

Conclusions:

Tumor cell nuclear accumulation of P-32 is linked to high mitotic rates, not unique tumor metabolism.
Nucleoprotein synthesis is a continuous process in nuclei, regardless of mitotic activity.
X-ray-induced changes in P-32 distribution suggest a role in disrupting cellular processes like mitosis.