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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field
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Comparative study of kala-azar vector control measures in eastern Nepal.

M L Das1, L Roy, S Rijal

  • 1Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. mldas_29@yahoo.com

Acta Tropica
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) effectively reduced sand fly populations, crucial for visceral leishmaniasis elimination. Ecological vector management showed no significant impact on vector density.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Public Health
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination requires effective control of its vector, *Phlebotomus argentipes*.
  • Evaluating vector control tools is essential for regional elimination initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and ecological vector management (EVM) in reducing *P. argentipes* density.
  • To identify the most effective vector control strategy for visceral leishmaniasis elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Entomological surveys using CDC miniature light traps and mouth aspirators were conducted.
  • Interventions included alpha-cypermethrin for IRS, PermaNet for LLINs, and lime plastering for EVM.
  • Vector densities were compared between intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention.

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Main Results:

  • Light traps were more efficient than aspirators for collecting *P. argentipes*.
  • Both IRS and LLINs significantly reduced sand fly vector densities compared to the control group.
  • EVM showed no significant reduction in *P. argentipes* density compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

  • Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is the most effective method for decreasing *P. argentipes* vector density.
  • Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are an effective alternative vector control tool for VL elimination.
  • Ecological vector management, in this form, was not effective in reducing sand fly populations.